parmenides
+spirit from matter isolation => dualism
+god as person
+world=static Being

democrites
+matter[atoms]
+atom = spirit/matter border

descartes
+matter vs spirit
+human being = mind

newton
=atomists+G, 3D+time
MECHANICS
+sily among telesami+G+atoms
+el.charge=>el.pole,
el.prud(el.charge in motion)=>magn.pole
+just low speed entities

maxwell
ELECTRODYNAMICS
+EM sily=>EM polia (~ EM vlny)
+still 3D+time

 
01
 
 

einstein
05 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
+3D and time relative
+EM polia are entities
+4D=spacetime, E=mc2
+time continuity depends on observer's
speed (ak pri c)
+charge~prud => el.pole~magn.pole
=> EM pole
15 THEORY OF RELATIVITY
=special+G

20s
 
 
 
26
 
 
 
 
27
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
+just many atoms entities

rutherford
+planetary atom model
 
 

      planck
      QUANTUM HYPOTESIS
      +energia tepelneho ziarenia nie spojite,
        ale vo vlnovych balikoch

einstein
QUANTUM THEORY basis
+quanta
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

heisenberg+bohr+..
QUANTUM THEORY
+subat.particles are entities w/ povahou castic aj vln
+photons; sila=interaction
HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
+presna poloha castice=>nepresna
  vlnova dlzka=>nepresna hybnost
+presny cas=>nepresna frekvencia
  =>nepresna energia (Bohr)
PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY (Bohr)
+reality = particle (or) wave

quantum-relativistic models

   #EM interactions                            #strong interactions             #grav.interactions
   QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS                     wheeler
   +electrodynamics+quantum theory          43 S-MATRIX THEORY
   +vs.subat.castice maju kvant.pole           +3 principles:pravd.reakcie od pozoro-
    v podobe castic alebo kvant                 vatela (z t.rel), exist.pravd.vysledku
                                                reakcie=1 (z kvant.t), princip kauzality
                #EM+weak interactions              geoffrey chew
                yang+mills                      61 HADRON BOOTSTRAP
54              =GAUGE theories                    +3 principles+odvodit vs.vlastnosti hadronov
67              WEIBERG-SALAT THEORY                len z poziadavky autokonzistentnosti
                +"electroweak" int.

                                 #EM+weak+strong int.
                                 fritzsch+gell-mann
73                               QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS
                                 +only specific situations
                                 +th of quarks(particles)+gluons
                                  (massless quanta)

()name (symbol) el.charge [quarks] spin mass_GeV/c-
+dnes >200 objavenych
+hmotne len p+, n, e-
+antiparticle=particle w/ opp charge; spin=intrinsic angular momentum of particle

 hadrons [quarks] <residual strong int>                                      
   baryons [3 quarks]                    mesons [1 quark + 1 antiquark]      
   =fermionic hadrons (>120)             =bosonic hadrons (>140)             
   ()proton     (p+) +1 [uud] 1/2 0.94   ()pion   (pi+) +1 [uD] 0 0.14       
   ()antiproton (p-) -1       1/2 0.94   ()kaon   (K-)  -1 [sU] 0 0.49       
   ()neutron    (n)   0 [udd] 1/2 0.94   ()rho          +1 [uD] 1 0.77       
   ()lambda           0 [uds] 1/2 1.12   ()b-zero (B0)   0 [dB] 0 5.28       
   ()omega           -1 [sss] 3/2 1.67   ()eta-c         0 [cC] 0 2.88       

 leptons <weak int>
 +spin=1/2; no quarks; every lepton has antilepton
 ()e neutrino (ve)  0  <10-8
 ()electron   (e)  -1  0.0005
 ()µ neutrino (vÁ)  0  <0.0002
 ()µ neutrino (vÁ)  0  <0.0002
 ()muon       (Á)  -1  0.11
 ()µ neutrino (vt)  0  <0.0002
 ()tau        (t)  -1  1.78


QUARKS ()flavor (symbol) el.charge mass_GeV/c-
=hadrons' particles
+spin=1/2; every quark has antiquark
()up      (u)  2/3 0.003
()down    (d) -1/3 0.006
()charm   (c)  2/3 1.3
()strange (s) -1/3 0.1
()top     (t)  2/3 175
()bottom  (b) -1/3 4.3
+carry also color charge => hadrons are color neutral; antiquark carries anticolor
+colors: red, green, blue; anticolors: antired, antigreen, antiblue


GENERATIONS OF MATTER
           quarks       leptons
mass       low                  high
el.charge  2/3  -1/3    0      -1
        I  u  +  d    + ve   +  e     (stable~visible)
       II  c  +  s    + vµ   +  µ
      III  t  +  b    + vtau +  tau


FORCE CARRIER PARTICLES ()name (symbol) el.charge spin mass_GeV/c-
+spin=0,1,2..
()gluon    (g)  0 1 0     ; carry also color charge (1 of 8)
()photon        0 1 0
()W-           -1 1 80.4
()W+           +1 1 80.4
()Z0            0 1 91.19
()graviton                ; no found yet


PARTICLES INTERACTIONS ()name acts_on hold_what_together by strength
()strong
  ()fundamental    color charge   quarks, gluons     gluons
  ()residual                      hadrons            mesons
()weak             flavor         quarks, leptons    W+, W-, Z0
()EM               el.charge      el.charged pcles   photons    ;hold atoms together
()gravitational    mass-energy    all                gravitons  ;hold planets, stars, galaxies together


FERMIONS
+spin=1/2,3/2,5/2..
+obey pauli exclusion principle; cannot coexist in same state at same location at same time
() leptons+quarks, baryons
BOSONS
+spin=0,1,2..
() force carrier particles (spin=1,2), mesons (spin=0,1,2..)